Tag Archives: walkswithmydog

Equivalence, Formats, IQ, Sensors, Spatial Resolution

Olympus E-M5 II High-Res 64MP Shot Mode

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Olympus just announced the E-M5 Mark II, an updated version of its popular micro Four Thirds E-M5 model, with an interesting new feature: its 16MegaPixel sensor, presumably similar to the one in other E-Mx bodies, has a high resolution mode where it gets shifted around by the image stabilization servos during exposure to capture, as they say in their press release

‘resolution that goes beyond full-frame DSLR cameras.  8 images are captured with 16-megapixel image information while moving the sensor by 0.5 pixel steps between each shot. The data from the 8 shots are then combined to produce a single, super-high resolution image, equivalent to the one captured with a 40-megapixel image sensor.’

A great idea that could give a welcome boost to the ‘sharpness’ of this handy system.  Preliminary tests show that the E-M5 mk II 64MP High-Res mode gives some advantage in MTF50 linear spatial resolution compared to the Standard Shot 16MP mode with the captures in this post.  Plus it apparently virtually eliminates the possibility of  aliasing and moiré.  Great stuff, Olympus.

Continue reading Olympus E-M5 II High-Res 64MP Shot Mode →

Equivalence, Exposure, Formats, IQ, Sensors

Comparing Sensor SNR

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We’ve seen how SNR curves can help us analyze digital camera IQ:

SNR-Photon-Transfer-Model-D610-4

In this post we will use them to help us compare digital cameras, independently of format size. Continue reading Comparing Sensor SNR →

IQ, Sensors

The Difference between Peak and Effective Quantum Efficiency

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Effective Quantum Efficiency as I calculate it is an estimate of the probability that a visible photon  – from a ‘Daylight’ blackbody radiating source at a temperature of 5300K impinging on the sensor in question after making it through its IR filter, UV filter, AA low pass filter, microlenses, average Color Filter – will produce a photoelectron upon hitting silicon:

(1)   \begin{equation*} EQE = \frac{n_{e^-} \text{ produced by average pixel}}{n_{ph} \text{ incident on average pixel}} \end{equation*}

with n_{e^-} the signal in photoelectrons and n_{ph} the number of photons incident on the sensor at the given Exposure as shown below. Continue reading The Difference between Peak and Effective Quantum Efficiency →

Equivalence, Exposure, IQ, Sensors

Equivalence and Equivalent Image Quality: Signal

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One of the fairest ways to compare the performance of two cameras of different physical characteristics and specifications is to ask a simple question: which photograph would look better if the cameras were set up side by side, captured identical scene content and their output were then displayed and viewed at the same size?

Achieving this set up and answering the question is anything but intuitive because many of the variables involved, like depth of field and sensor size, are not those we are used to dealing with when taking photographs.  In this post I would like to attack this problem by first estimating the output signal of different cameras when set up to capture Equivalent images.

It’s a bit long so I will give you the punch line first:  digital cameras of the same generation set up equivalently will typically generate more or less the same signal in e^- independently of format.  Ignoring noise, lenses and aspect ratio for a moment and assuming the same camera gain and number of pixels, they will produce identical raw files. Continue reading Equivalence and Equivalent Image Quality: Signal →

IQ, Perceptual, Sharpening, Spatial Resolution

How Sharp are my Camera and Lens?

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You want to measure how sharp your camera/lens combination is to make sure it lives up to its specs.  Or perhaps you’d like to compare how well one lens captures spatial resolution compared to another  you own.  Or perhaps again you are in the market for new equipment and would like to know what could be expected from the shortlist.  Or an old faithful is not looking right and you’d like to check it out.   So you decide to do some testing.  Where to start?

In the next four articles I will walk you through my methodology based on captures of slanted edge targets:

  1. The setup (this one)
  2. Why you need to take raw captures
  3. The Slanted Edge method explained
  4. The software to obtain MTF curves

Continue reading How Sharp are my Camera and Lens? →

Exposure, Sensors

What is the Effective Quantum Efficiency of my Sensor?

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Now that we know how to determine how many photons impinge on a sensor we can estimate its Effective Quantum Efficiency, that is the efficiency with which it turns such a photon flux (n_{ph}) into photoelectrons (n_{e^-} ), which will then be converted to raw data to be stored in the capture’s raw file:

(1)   \begin{equation*} EQE = \frac{n_{e^-} \text{ produced by average pixel}}{n_{ph} \text{ incident on average pixel}} \end{equation*}

I call it ‘Effective’, as opposed to ‘Absolute’, because it represents the probability that a photon arriving on the sensing plane from the scene will be converted to a photoelectron by a given pixel in a digital camera sensor.  It therefore includes the effect of microlenses, fill factor, CFA and other filters on top of silicon in the pixel.  Whether Effective or Absolute, QE is usually expressed as a percentage, as seen below in the specification sheet of the KAF-8300 by On Semiconductor, without IR/UV filters:

For instance if  an average of 100 photons per pixel were incident on a uniformly lit spot on the sensor and on average each pixel produced a signal of 20 photoelectrons we would say that the Effective Quantum Efficiency of the sensor is 20%.  Clearly the higher the EQE the better for Image Quality parameters such as SNR. Continue reading What is the Effective Quantum Efficiency of my Sensor? →

Banding, Perceptual, Quantization

I See Banding in the Sky. Is my Camera Faulty?

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This is a recurring nightmare for a new photographer: they head out with their brand new state-of-the art digital camera, capture a set of images with a vast expanse of sky or smoothly changing background, come home, fire them up on their computer, play with a few sliders and … gasp! … there are visible bands (posterization, stairstepping, quantization) all over the smoothly changing gradient.  ‘Is my new camera broken?!’, they wonder in horror.

Relax, chances are very (very) good that the camera is fine.  I am going to show you in this post how to make sure that that is indeed the case and hone in on the real culprit(s). Continue reading I See Banding in the Sky. Is my Camera Faulty? →

Exposure, Sensors

How Many Photons on a Pixel

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How many visible photons hit a pixel on my sensor?  The answer depends on Exposure, Spectral power distribution of the arriving light and effective pixel area.  With a few simplifying assumptions it is not difficult to calculate that with a typical Daylight illuminant the number is roughly 11,760 photons per lx-s per \mu m^2.  Without the simplifying assumptions* it reduces to about 11,000. Continue reading How Many Photons on a Pixel →

Exposure, Information Science, IQ, Sensors

Exposure and ISO

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The in-camera ISO dial is a ballpark milkshake of an indicator to help choose parameters that will result in a ‘good’ perceived picture. Key ingredients to obtain a ‘good’ perceived picture are 1) ‘good’ Exposure and 2) ‘good’ in-camera or in-computer processing. It’s easier to think about them as independent processes and that comes naturally to you because you shoot raw in manual mode and you like to PP, right? Continue reading Exposure and ISO →

Exposure

What Is Exposure

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When capturing a typical photograph, light from one or more sources is reflected from the scene, reaches the lens, goes through it and eventually hits the sensing plane.

In photography Exposure is the quantity of visible light per unit area incident on the image plane during the time that it is exposed to the scene.  Exposure is intuitively proportional to Luminance from the scene $L$ and exposure time $t$.  It is inversely proportional to lens f-number $N$ squared because it determines the relative size of the cone of light captured from the scene.  You can read more about the theory in the article on angles and the Camera Equation.

Continue reading What Is Exposure →