Tag Archives: sa3

DOF, Optics, Sensors, Sharpening, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

Diffracted DOF Aperture Guides: 24-35mm

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As a landscape shooter I often wonder whether old rules for DOF still apply to current small pixels and sharp lenses. I therefore roughly measured  the spatial resolution performance of my Z7 with 24-70mm/4 S in the center to see whether ‘f/8 and be there’ still made sense today.  The journey and the diffraction-simple-aberration aware model were described in the last few posts.  The results are summarized in the Landscape Aperture-Distance charts presented here for the 24, 28 and 35mm focal lengths.

I also present the data in the form of a simplified plot to aid making the right compromises when the focusing distance is flexible.  This information is valid for the Z7 and kit in the center only.  It probably just as easily applies to cameras with similarly spec’d pixels and lenses. Continue reading Diffracted DOF Aperture Guides: 24-35mm →

DOF, IQ, Perceptual, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

DOF and Diffraction: 24mm Guidelines

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After an exhausting two and a half hour hike you are finally resting, sitting on a rock at the foot of your destination, a tiny alpine lake, breathing in the thin air and absorbing the majestic scenery.  A cool light breeze suddenly rips the surface of the water, morphing what has until now been a perfect reflection into an impressionistic interpretation of the impervious mountains in the distance.

The beautiful flowers in the foreground are so close you can touch them, the reflection in the water 10-20m away, the imposing mountains in the background a few hundred meters further out.  You realize you are hungry.  As you search the backpack for the two panini you prepared this morning you begin to ponder how best to capture the scene: subject,  composition, Exposure, Depth of Field.

Figure 1. A typical landscape situation: a foreground a few meters away, a mid-ground a few tens and a background a few hundred meters further out.  Three orders of magnitude.  The focus point was on the running dog, f/16, 1/100s.  Was this a good choice?

Depth of Field.  Where to focus and at what f/stop?  You tip your hat and just as you look up at the bluest of blue skies the number 16 starts enveloping your mind, like rays from the warm noon sun. You dial it in and as you squeeze the trigger that familiar nagging question bubbles up, as it always does in such conditions.  If this were a one shot deal, was that really the best choice?

In this article we attempt to provide information to make explicit some of the trade-offs necessary in the choice of Aperture for 24mm landscapes.  The result of the process is a set of guidelines.  The answers are based on the previously introduced diffraction-aware model for sharpness in the center along the depth of the field – and a tripod-mounted Nikon Z7 + Nikkor 24-70mm/4 S kit lens at 24mm.
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IQ, Optics, Perceptual, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

DOF and Diffraction: Setup

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The two-thin-lens model for precision Depth Of Field estimates described in the last two articles is almost ready to be deployed.  In this one we will describe the setup that will be used to develop the scenarios that will be outlined in the next one.

The beauty of the hybrid geometrical-Fourier optics approach is that, with an estimate of the field produced at the exit pupil by an on-axis point source, we can generate the image of the resulting Point Spread Function and related Modulation Transfer Function.

Pretend that you are a photon from such a source in front of a f/2.8 lens focused at 10m with about 0.60 microns of third order spherical aberration – and you are about to smash yourself onto the ‘best focus’ observation plane of your camera.  Depending on whether you leave exactly from the in-focus distance of 10 meters or slightly before/after that, the impression you would leave on the sensing plane would look as follows:

Figure 1. PSF of a lens with about 0.6um of third order spherical aberration focused on 10m.

The width of the square above is 30 microns (um), which corresponds to the diameter of the Circle of Confusion used for old-fashioned geometrical DOF calculations with full frame cameras.  The first ring of the in-focus PSF at 10.0m has a diameter of about 2.44\lambda \frac{f}{D} = 3.65 microns.   That’s about the size of the estimated effective square pixel aperture of the Nikon Z7 camera that we are using in these tests.
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Optics, Perceptual, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

DOF and Diffraction: Image Side

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This investigation of the effect of diffraction on Depth of Field is based on a two-thin-lens model, as suggested by Alan Robinson[1].  We chose this model because it allows us to associate geometrical optics with one lens and Fourier optics with the other, thus simplifying the underlying math and our understanding.

In the last article we discussed how the front element of the model could present at the rear element the wavefront resulting from an on-axis source as a function of distance from the lens.  We accomplished this by using simple geometry in complex notation.  In this one we will take the relative wavefront present at the exit pupil and project it onto the sensing plane, taking diffraction into account numerically.  We already know how to do it since we dealt with this subject in the recent past.

Figure 1. Where is the plane with the Circle of Least Confusion?  Through Focus Line Spread Function Image of a lens at f/2.8 with the indicated third order spherical aberration coefficient, and relative measures of ‘sharpness’ MTF50 and Acutance curves.  Acutance is scaled to the same peak as MTF50 for ease of comparison and refers to my typical pixel peeping conditions: 100% zoom, 16″ away from my 24″ monitor.

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IQ, Optics, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

The Nikon Z7’s Insane Sharpness

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Ever since getting a Nikon Z7 MILC a few months ago I have been literally blown away by the level of sharpness it produces.   I thought that my surprise might be the result of moving up from 24 to 45.7MP, or the excellent pin-point focusing mode, or the lack of an Antialiasing filter.  Well, it turns out that there is probably more at work than that.

This weekend I pulled out the largest cutter blade I could find and set it up rough and tumble near vertically about 10 meters away  to take a peek at what the MTF curves that produce such sharp results might look like.

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IQ, Optics, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

Taking the Sharpness Model for a Spin – II

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This post  will continue looking at the spatial frequency response measured by MTF Mapper off slanted edges in DPReview.com raw captures and relative fits by the ‘sharpness’ model discussed in the last few articles.  The model takes the physical parameters of the digital camera and lens as inputs and produces theoretical directional system MTF curves comparable to measured data.  As we will see the model seems to be able to simulate these systems well – at least within this limited set of parameters.

The following fits refer to the green channel of a number of interchangeable lens digital camera systems with different lenses, pixel sizes and formats – from the current Medium Format 100MP champ to the 1/2.3″ 18MP sensor size also sometimes found in the best smartphones.  Here is the roster with the cameras as set up:

Table 1. The cameras and lenses under test.

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Optics, Sharpness, Spatial Resolution

A Simple Model for Sharpness in Digital Cameras – Spherical Aberrations

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Spherical Aberration (SA) is one key component missing from our MTF toolkit for modeling an ideal imaging system’s ‘sharpness’ in the center of the field of view in the frequency domain.  In this article formulas will be presented to compute the two dimensional Point Spread and Modulation Transfer Functions of the combination of diffraction, defocus and third order Spherical Aberration for an otherwise perfect lens with a circular aperture.

Spherical Aberrations result because most photographic lenses are designed with quasi spherical surfaces that do not necessarily behave ideally in all situations.  For instance, they may focus light on systematically different planes depending on whether the respective ray goes through the exit pupil closer or farther from the optical axis, as shown below:

371px-spherical_aberration_2
Figure 1. Top: an ideal spherical lens focuses all rays on the same focal point. Bottom: a practical lens with Spherical Aberration focuses rays that go through the exit pupil based on their radial distance from the optical axis. Image courtesy Andrei Stroe.

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