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Fourier Optics, Geometrical Optics, MTF, PSF, wavefront

Fourier Optics and the Complex Pupil Function

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In the last article we learned that a complex lens can be modeled as just an entrance pupil, an exit pupil and a geometrical optics black-box in between.  Goodman[1] suggests that all optical path errors for a given Gaussian point on the image plane can be thought of as being introduced by a custom phase plate at the pupil plane, delaying or advancing the light wavefront locally according to aberration function \Delta W(u,v) as earlier described.

The phase plate distorts the forming wavefront, introducing diffraction and aberrations, while otherwise allowing us to treat the rest of the lens as if it followed geometrical optics rules.  It can be associated with either the entrance or the exit pupil.  Photographers are usually concerned with the effects of the lens on the image plane so we will associate it with the adjacent Exit Pupil.

aberrations coded as phase plate in exit pupil generalized complex pupil function
Figure 1.  Aberrations can be fully described by distortions introduced by a fictitious phase plate inserted at the uv exit pupil plane.  The phase error distribution is the same as the path length error described by wavefront aberration function ΔW(u,v), introduced in the previous article.

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