Tag Archives: definition

What is Resolution?

In photography Resolution refers to the ability of an imaging system to capture fine detail from the scene, making it a key determinant of Image Quality.  For instance, with high resolution equipment we might be able to count the number of tiny leaves on a distant tree, while we might not with a lower-res one.  Or the leaves might look sharp with the former and unacceptably mushy with the latter.

We quantify resolution by measuring detail contrast after it has been inevitably smeared by the imaging process.  As detail becomes smaller and closer together in the image, the blurred darker and lighter parts start mixing together until the relative contrast decreases to the point that it disappears, a limit referred to as  diffraction extinction, beyond which all detail is lost and no additional spatial information can be captured from the scene.

Sinusoidal target of increasing frequency to diffraction limit extinction
Increasingly small detail smeared by the imaging process, highly magnified.

The units of resolution are spatial frequencies, the inverse of the size and distance of the detail in question.  Of course at diffraction extinction no visual information is captured, therefore in most cases the criteria for usability are set by larger detail than that – or equivalently at lower frequencies.  Thresholds tend to be application specific and arbitrary.

The type of resolution being measured must also be specified since the term can be applied to different physical quantities: sensor, spatial, temporal, spectral, type of light, medium etc.  In photography we are normally interested in Spatial Resolution from incoherent light traveling in air so that will be the focus here.

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Canon’s High-Res Optical Low Pass Filter

Canon recently introduced its EOS-1D X Mark III Digital Single-Lens Reflex [Edit: and now also possibly the R5 Mirrorless ILC] touting a new and improved Anti-Aliasing filter, which they call a High-Res Gaussian Distribution LPF, claiming that

“This not only helps to suppress moiré and color distortion,
but also improves resolution.”

Figure 1. Artist’s rendition of new High-res Low Pass Filter, courtesy of Canon USA

In this article we will try to dissect the marketing speak and understand a bit better the theoretical implications of the new AA.  For the abridged version, jump to the Conclusions at the bottom.  In a picture:

Canon High-Res Anti-Aliasing filter
Figure 16: The less psychedelic, the better.

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Phase One IQ3 100MP Trichromatic vs Standard Back Linear Color, Part III

Over the last two posts we’ve been exploring some of the differences introduced by tweaks to the Color Filter Array of the Phase One IQ3 100MP Trichromatic Digital Back versus its original incarnation, the Standard Back.  Refer to those for the background.  In this article we will delve into some of these differences quantitatively[1].

Let’s start with the compromise color matrices we derived from David Chew’s captures of a ColorChecher 24 in the shade of a sunny November morning in Ohio[2].   These are the matrices necessary to convert white balanced raw data to the perceptual CIE XYZ color space, where it is said there should be one-to-one correspondence with colors as perceived by humans, and therefore where most measurements are performed.  They are optimized for each back in the current conditions but they are not perfect, the reason for the word ‘compromise’ in their name:

Figure 1. Optimized Linear Compromise Color Matrices for the Phase One IQ3 100 MP Standard and Trichromatic Backs under approximately D65 light.

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The Units of Spatial Resolution

Several sites for photographers perform spatial resolution ‘sharpness’ testing of a specific lens and digital camera set up by capturing a target.  You can also measure your own equipment relatively easily to determine how sharp your hardware is.  However comparing results from site to site and to your own can be difficult and/or misleading, starting from the multiplicity of units used: cycles/pixel, line pairs/mm, line widths/picture height, line pairs/image height, cycles/picture height etc.

This post will address the units involved in spatial resolution measurement using as an example readings from the popular slanted edge method, although their applicability is generic.

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